Sea Level, or mean sea level, the average height, or elevation, of the sea surface. Scientists measure sea level in different locations over a long period of time to eliminate temporary changes in water level due to tides, waves, wind, and air pressure.
Geographers use sea level as the starting level for measuring the height, or elevation, of Earth’s surface. However, over long periods of time and great distances, the level of the sea changes. The science of measuring land features in relation to one another and in relation to sea level is called surveying.
Surveyors have established that the highest location above sea level is 8,850 m (29,035 ft) on the summit of Mount Everest in Nepal, and the lowest depth is 11,033 m (36,198 ft) beneath the Pacific Ocean at the bottom of the Mariana Trench. The lowest elevation on the continents is 408 m (1,340 ft) below sea level at the Dead Sea between Israel and Jordan.
MEASURING SEA LEVEL
The level of the sea is continually changing. In a matter of seconds, a wave can raise and then drop the level of the sea by several meters. In a matter of hours, the tides can also raise or lower the level of the sea, as can changes in air pressure or wind. In order to average out the fluctuations caused by waves, tides, weather, and wind, periodic measurements of sea level over at least 19 years are averaged to determine the mean sea level.
The sea level of a particular place is measured using tide gauges. A tide gauge is a device built to measure water-level variations due to tides and weather and to eliminate effects due to waves. A tide gauge can be as simple as a long ruler nailed to a post on a dock. More sophisticated instruments are usually placed in a stilling well, or pipe, that protects a float connected to a recording device from waves. As tides rise and fall, the float’s motion is recorded.
Sea level can also be measured from space. The TOPEX/Poseidon satellite, launched in 1992, measured sea level and was also used to map the ocean floor. As TOPEX/Poseidon orbited Earth, an altimeter bounced radar signals off the ocean’s surface. The altimeter recorded the time it took for the radar signal to return to the satellite and that gave a precise measurement of the distance between the satellite and the sea surface. Measurement from orbit is the only way to assess sea level independently of land-level changes. TOPEX/Poseidon served as the primary means for monitoring the oceans until it was supplanted by the more accurate sea level monitoring satellite Jason-1, launched in 2001.